ISSN print edition: 0366-6352
ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075
Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7

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The anti-COVID-19 drug Favipiravir: Degradation, Method development, Validation, NMR/LC–MS characterization, and In-vitro safety evaluation

Inas A. Abdallah, Mohammed F. El-Behairy, Rasha M. Ahmed, and Marwa A. A. Fayed

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt

Received: 4 April 2022 Accepted: 7 June 2022

Abstract:

It is critical to characterize the degradation products of therapeutic drugs to determine their safety as these degradation products may possess fatal effects on the human physiological system. Favipiravir (FVP), a novel anti-Covid-19 drug, that is recently used all over the world with a great impact on humanity was our target to explore more about its toxicity, the margins of its safety, and its degradants in different degradation conditions. The goal of this study is to identify, characterize, and confirm the structures of FVP oxidative and alkaline breakdown products, as well as to assess their safety utilizing in-vitro SRB cytotoxicity assay on normal human skin fibroblasts (NHSF) cell lines. After oxidative and alkaline degradation of FVP, one degradation product was produced in each condition which was isolated from FVP using flash chromatography, characterized by ¹HNMR and LC–MS/MS techniques. A reversed-phase Thermo Fischer Hypersil C₁₈ column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 m) was used to achieve HPLC chromatographic separation. Acetonitrile-5 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.5) (50:50, v/v) was employed as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. At 332 nm, the column effluent was measured. Over the concentration range of 0.5–100 µg/mL, the calibration curve was linear. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 2%, and good percentage recoveries were obtained that fulfilled the acceptance criteria of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations. The Plackett–Burman design was used to assess the robustness. Each degradant was isolated single using Flash chromatography and methylene chloride: methanol gradient mobile phase. The chemical structures of the degradation products have been confirmed and compared to the intact FVP using ¹H-NMR, and Mass spectroscopy. A postulated mechanism of the degradation process has been depicted and the degradants fragmentation pattern has been portrayed. In addition, the in vitro SRB cytotoxicity assay to evaluate the safety profile of FVP and the degradation end products showed their high safety margin in both conditions with IC₅₀ ˃100 µg/ml with no signs of toxicity upon examination of the treated NHSF cells under the optical microscope

Keywords: Favipiravir; COVID-19; Safety; Degradation; Oxidative; Alkaline; SRB assay; Cytotoxicity; NHSF cells

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02327-5

Chemical Papers 76 (10) 6415–6426 (2022)