ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Comparative study of physical properties of hydroxyapatite derived from Asian moon scallop and batik shells using sol–gel techniques for producing inorganic membrane plate

Yusuf Wibisono, Syifa Navisa, Dinda Kiswara Arofah, Mochamad Bagus Hermanto, Alfian Noviyanto, Saiful, and Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan

Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

E-mail: y_wibisono@ub.ac.id

Received: 5 November 2023  Accepted: 2 July 2024

Abstract:

Approximately 33% of organic waste generated in Indonesia is food waste. The waste such as animal bones, seashells, and eggshells with CaCO₃ are unavoidable. To add technological values to the unused waste, Asian moon scallop shell and batik shell that contained high CaCO₃ were used as calcium precursors for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HAp). Asian moon scallop shell and batik shell powder were obtained by size reduction using a concentric ball mill (CBM) and planetary ball mill (PBM). HAp was synthesized by a sol–gel method followed by calcination at 800 °C to 1000 °C. The characterization data of the HAP with respect to functional groups, microstructure, particle size, and structural analysis were presented. It was found that the presence of CO₃²⁻ groups was due to the interaction of the samples with CO₂ in the atmosphere during synthesis. PO₄³⁻ and OH⁻ groups were present in the HAp. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that the product was pure HAp with no other phases present. Its crystallinity index (CI) of 86% indicated a high degree of crystallization. The crystallinity of powder improved with an increasing temperature, while there was non-uniformity in the morphology of HAp due to the increased temperature during calcination. Based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, the resulting HAp had a reasonable purity and a nanostructured morphology. According to XRD results, the crystal structure of HAp was hexagonal, confirmed by ICDD card No. 01-084-1998. The lattice structure at peak 31.763° (211) was 2.815 Å. Based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, calcium was the most predominant component in both calcined Asian moon scallop shell and batik shell powder (over 98% (w/w)). It is expected that this work contributes to the progress of sol–gel technique for HAp synthesis and the development of eco-friendly materials from unused waste for constructing inorganic membrane plates that can be used for wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Polymers; Asian moon scallop shell; Batik shell; Calcination; Hydroxyapatite (HAp); Sol–gel method

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03592-2

Chemical Papers 78 (12) 7125–7139 (2024)