ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Development of a sensitive and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of climbazole and clotrimazole using β-cyclodextrin assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on switchable solvent

Bahare Arabkhani, Nasser Goudarzi, and Mansour Arab Chamjangali

Faculty of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

E-mail: goudarzi@shahroodut.ac.ir

Received: 4 October 2024  Accepted: 16 January 2025

Abstract:

This paper offers a novel approach featuring homogenous liquid-phase microextraction and beta-cyclodextrin for detecting azole antifungal medicines like clotrimazole and climbazole in diverse matrices. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents can be miscible or immiscible based on sample pH and vary from monophasic to biphasic depending on a trigger as extraction solvents. Adding beta-cyclodextrin to the extraction phase may boost efficiency by promoting supramolecular host–guest azole antifungal compounds. This order used dipropylamine for extraction. The recommendation is greener, faster, easier, reproducible, and cheaper. The method was easier without centrifugation. The work examined the impact of operational extraction factors including concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin, volume of dipropylamine, amounts of acid/base solution, and ionic strength of the sample. Under optimal conditions, vortex assisted-switchable hydrophilicity solvents-homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction, extraction time: around 2 min, showed good linearity in the range of 40.0–11000.0 ng.mL⁻¹ and determination coefficients 0.9998 for climbazole, 10.0–11000.0 ng.mL⁻¹ determination coefficients 1.0000 for clotrimazole, and the limits of detection were found to be 12.0 ng.mL⁻¹ for climbazole and 3.0 ng.mL⁻¹ for clotrimazole. The vortex-assisted-beta-cyclodextrin-Switchable hydrophilicity solvents-homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction method quantified azole fungicides in water, milk, plasma, and tablet samples. Spiking recoveries of 98.2–101.8% revealed the approach can detect imidazole fungicides in samples.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Azole fungicide; Beta-cyclodextrin; Homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction; Switchable hydrophilicity solvents

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-03900-4

Chemical Papers 79 (3) 1945–1957 (2025)