ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Biosynthesis of Daucus carota subsp. Sativus-based metal-doped ferric–biochar–bimetallic nanocomposites for dye extraction

Nimra Yasmeen, Ruba Munir, Gadah Albasher, Nageen Mushtaq, Fazila Younas, Muhammad Zahid, Tayyiba Aliyam, and Saima Noreen

Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

E-mail: saima_bashir03@yahoo.com

Received: 13 April 2024  Accepted: 17 November 2024

Abstract:

Industrial dyes represent a significant contributor to environmental pollution. This study emphasizes the removal of cationic dye employing batch experiments utilizing ferric–biochar–bimetallic nanocomposites prepared using a green synthesis approach. The innovation lies in the utilization of biochar extract derived from carrot waste materials as reducing agents to synthesize iron nanoparticles (Zn/nZVI, Ca/nZVI, Cu/nZVI, Ba/nZVI, and native). It was found that the optimum pH for reactive blue dye removal fell within the basic range, specifically at a range of 8, 9, and 10 at 0.05 g catalyst dosage, 90 min contact time, 65 °C temperature, and 150 mg/L initial dye concentration. The maximum adsorption capacities were calculated as follows: Zn (44.92984), Ca (33.9921), Cu (39.13628), Ba (30.86284), and native (42.43492). Langmuir biosorption isotherms provided the best fit for equilibrium biosorption data, while the pseudo-second-order model demonstrated reasonable fit for biosorption kinetic data. Various thermodynamic factors including enthalpy, free energy, and entropy were investigated to assess the suitability and fitness of the biosorption process. Furthermore, the impact of different electrolyte concentrations on the biosorption potential was examined. It was found that the biosorption ability of selected ferric–biochar–bimetallic nanocomposites for anionic dye was significantly reduced in the presence of surfactants/detergents.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Eco-friendly synthesis; Sustainable approach; Agricultural waste utilization; Green reduction method; Waste valorization; Green synthesis; Biocatalysts; Cationic dye removal; Bimetallic nanoparticles; Thermodynamic analysis

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03845-0

Chemical Papers 79 (2) 1113–1135 (2025)